Dr. Bahaa El-Din Makawi presented a paper entitled “Refugees and Internal Displacement in Africa,” in which he examined this phenomenon, which has become increasingly widespread in recent years. He focused particularly on Sudan, where the spread of armed conflicts across several parts of the country has forced populations to flee conflict-affected areas and move toward relatively safer regions within Sudan. He also explained that, in many cases, these conflicts have resulted in people seeking refuge in neighboring countries, particularly across border regions characterized by ethnic communities extending across more than one country. This has been especially evident in western Sudan and in southern Sudan prior to the secession of South Sudan.