{"id":2570,"date":"2026-10-06T15:15:04","date_gmt":"2026-10-06T15:15:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/?p=2570"},"modified":"2026-10-24T17:53:16","modified_gmt":"2026-10-24T17:53:16","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%b6-%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%b6-%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: 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style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 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right;\">\u062c. <strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\ufefb\ufedb\ufe98\ufeb8\ufe8e\u0641 \u0627\ufedf\ufee4\ufed4\ufe98<\/strong><strong>\ufeee<\/strong><strong>\u062d:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u064f\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629. \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644<sup> (<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>)<\/sup>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: right;\">\r\n \t<li>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u061f<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u061f<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0632\u064e\u0648\u0651\u0650\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u061f<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629\u061f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061f<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u061f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062c\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u061f<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0645\u061f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a)\u061f<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\u061f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u0647\u061f<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0627\u064b\u061f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629\u061f<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3GgpVN2\">\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064e\u0627\u0636\u064e\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0647\u062c 431\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u060c \u06351.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0635 4\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647\u0627\u060c (\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 2015) \u0635 81-96.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c (\u0639\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629\u060c 2016)\u060c \u0635 504.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u00a0\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0647\u062c 431\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 5<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u06351-2.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u00a0\u0631\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0632\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c (\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 2016)\u060c \u0635 218-225. \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c10 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2015.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Rachel Stevens, Role-play and student engagement: reflections from the classroom, (London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2015), P. 481.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> Tessa Owens Anne,&#8221;Problem-based learning in higher education&#8221;, in: Campbell Lin Norton (editors), Learning, Teaching and Assessing in Higher Education: Developing Reflective Practice, (Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd, 2007), P. 31.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c (\u0639\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 2009)\u060c \u0635 319.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 264.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u00a0\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0632\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c (\u0639\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 2014)\u060c \u0635 136.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u062c7\u060c \u0635 410.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 (83).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> Indiana University Bloomington, Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning, Teaching Strategies, Retrieved on 11January 2023 at:\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3JLRIa2\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/3JLRIa2<\/a> .<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629: \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2572,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2570","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-quality-of-education"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629: \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 - Dr.Baha&#039;a Makkawi\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629: \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627","og:url":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%b6-%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%a9\/","article:published_time":"2026-10-06T15:15:04+00:00","article:modified_time":"2026-10-24T17:53:16+00:00","twitter:card":"summary_large_image","twitter:title":"\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 - Dr.Baha'a Makkawi","twitter:description":"\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629: \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 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