{"id":2556,"date":"2026-10-06T13:31:06","date_gmt":"2026-10-06T13:31:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/?p=2556"},"modified":"2026-10-24T17:54:30","modified_gmt":"2026-10-24T17:54:30","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b:<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0641\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0643 (Dale H. 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width=\"312\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"312\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"312\">\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"312\">\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"312\">\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"312\">\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 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\u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646: <\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3f27O11\"><strong>https:\/\/bit.ly\/3f27O11<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0641 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0649\u064e\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (15)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\" alignright\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"30\"><strong>\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"294\"><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"300\"><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"30\">1<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"294\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"300\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"30\">2<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"294\">\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"300\">\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"30\">3<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"294\">\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"300\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"30\">4<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"294\">\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u062c\u0639\u0629<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"300\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"30\">5<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"294\">\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"300\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c 2011\u060c \u0635241.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f(Hayward) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1905\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a (John Dewey) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064f\u064a\u064e\u0633\u0651\u0650\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u061f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u061f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u064f\u0635\u0650\u0641\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a<sup> (<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>)<\/sup>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"text-align: right;\">\r\n \t<li>\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0650\u0646 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\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629&#8221;<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633<span style=\"background-color: transparent; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; text-decoration-line: underline;\">\u060c <\/span>\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0647\u0627<span style=\"background-color: transparent; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; text-decoration-line: underline;\"> \u0641\u064a <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<span style=\"background-color: transparent; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; text-decoration-line: underline;\">:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"text-align: right;\">\r\n \t<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u064e\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>)\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0633.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 (<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: right;\">\r\n \t<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645: <\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645&#8221; \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0648\u062d\u0650\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645&#8221; \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<sup> (<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 1981\u060c 1359-\u0635 1360.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u00a0\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c2008)\u060c \u0635536.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u0645\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644: https:\/\/www.edutrapedia.com<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Akdeniz, Celal (Ed.), Instructional Process and Concepts in Theory and Practice,( New York, Springer, 2017), p.57.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u00a0\u0645\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u063531 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646: \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 (\u0639\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c\u060c 2003).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645: \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u062e\u0646\u064a\u060c ( \u0648\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0631: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0633\u064a \u0622\u064a \u0633\u064a\u060c 2017)\u060c \u063535.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u00a0\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635119.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 122-123.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 123.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 26.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u00a0D\u00fcrdane Bayram-Jacobs and Fahriye Hay\u0131rsever, Student-centered Learning: How Does It Work in Practice?, British Journal of Education, Society &amp; Behavioural Science, 18(3): 1-15,P.3<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> Snje\u017eana Nevia Mo\u010dini\u0107, Active Teaching Strategies in Higher Education, Metodi\u010dki obzori 15, vol. 7(2012)2, P.P.97-105.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> [13] Terry Doyle, Helping Students Learn in A learner &#8211; Centered\u00a0\u00a0 Environment, (Virginia: Stylus Publishing, 2008, P.18.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> Ibid.P.18-25.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> Terry Doyle, Helping Students Learn in A learner &#8211; Centered\u00a0\u00a0 Environment, Op.Cit, P.18.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u00a0\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a (\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c (\u0639\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 2009\u060c \u0635 36).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063531-32.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 (\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f: \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c 2020\u0645\u060c \u0635 14-15.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0643\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0640.\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645: \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0633\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 1441\u0647\u0640)\u060c 2020\u0645\u060c \u0635 5.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 5-7.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0632\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b)\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c2018\u0645).<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0641\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0643 (Dale H. Schunk) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 &#8221; \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u064f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u062f\u0652\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0631\u0651\u064f\u0641 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629&#8221;([1])\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u2013 \u062d\u0633\u0628 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2566,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2556","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-quality-of-education"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0641\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0643 (Dale H. 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Schunk) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 &quot; \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u064f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u062f\u0652\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0631\u0651\u064f\u0641 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629&quot;([1])\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u2013 \u062d\u0633\u0628\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a9\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-10-06T13:31:06+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-24T17:54:30+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 - Dr.Baha&#039;a Makkawi\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0641\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u0643 (Dale H. Schunk) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 &quot; \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u064f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064f\u062f\u0652\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0631\u0651\u064f\u0641 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629&quot;([1])\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u2013 \u062d\u0633\u0628\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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