{"id":2553,"date":"2026-10-06T13:25:59","date_gmt":"2026-10-06T13:25:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/?p=2553"},"modified":"2026-10-28T04:18:14","modified_gmt":"2026-10-28T04:18:14","slug":"%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%8e%d8%b9%d9%8e%d9%84%d9%91%d9%8f%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%8e%d8%b9%d9%8e%d9%84%d9%91%d9%8f%d9%85\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8221; \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644&#8221; \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629: \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f(I Think, therefore I am)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637 (1724-1804\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635 (Critique of Pure Reason) \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0643\u0652 (<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a>).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a. \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 (384- 322 \u0642.\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f 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\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645 (1711-1776)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0644 (1806- 1873) \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0643 (1632\u0645 -1704\u0645) \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u0632 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (Andragogy) \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649&#8221; \u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645&#8221; \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0647\u064a:<sup> (<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"text-align: right;\">\r\n \t<li>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0636\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d &#8220;\u0645\u064f\u0648\u064e\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0647 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627\u064b&#8221; \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0650\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"text-align: right;\">\r\n \t<li><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><strong> Behaviorism<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 (\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629) \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0643 (1632\u0645 -1704\u0645)\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding). \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 (Blank Tablet) \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a (\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644\u2013 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0643- \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0650\u0633\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629<sup> (<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629: \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0641\u060c 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\u0645\u0631\u0651\u064e \u0628\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"text-align: right;\" start=\"2\">\r\n \t<li><strong>2<\/strong><strong>. <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629: <\/strong><strong>Cognitive Theory<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0650\u0631\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645\u0650\u0647\u0650\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634\u0637\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0652\u0635\u0649\u064e \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0650\u0647\u0627: <sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>)<\/sup>:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0623.\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0628. \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u062c.\u00a0 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u062f. \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0647. \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0648. \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0632. \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u062d. \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0626\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0637. \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u064a. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0650\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0641\u064e\u0643\u0650\u0651\u0631.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634\u0637\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634\u0637\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 (\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d <sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0647 <sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u0649\u064e \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064e\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 <sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"text-align: right;\" start=\"3\">\r\n \t<li><strong>3<\/strong><strong>. <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> <strong>Constructivist Theory<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Constructivism) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644: &#8220;\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0623\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0623\u0641\u0647\u0645&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f- \u062d\u0633\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u062c\u064e\u062c\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0627 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\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a &#8221; \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u064f\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Merriam-Webster dictionary\/theory.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Kerlinger, F. N., Foundations of behavioral research, Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston, 3rd ed.1986), P.67.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c (\u0639\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 2020)\u060c \u0635 55.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u00a0\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0643\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0640\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0637 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2014)\u060c \u0635 31.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u06358-9.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u00a0\u0628\u0646 \u062f\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f (1)\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f (8)\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2021\u060c \u0635 312.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0Heather Fry, Steve Ketteridge and Stephanie Marshall, A Handbook for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education: Enhancing Academic Practice, (New York and London, Routledge, Third Edition, 2009) P.14.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> Mihai Androne Notes on John Locke\u2019s views on education, Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences 137, (2014), P. 74.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u00a0\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9xkDPJ0DlkQ\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9xkDPJ0DlkQ<\/a> \u00a0\u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f 16\/7\/2012<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u00a0\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 33-34.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 77-78.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1878\u0645. \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1903\u0645. \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643: \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 (1914\u0645)\u061b \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 (1919)\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 (1925)\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 (1928). \u0635\u0646\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u064c \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2002 \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 17 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> WATSON, JOHN B., and RAYNER, ROSALIE. 1920. &#8220;Conditioned Emotional Responses.&#8221; Journal of Experimental Psychology 3:1\u201314. See also:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Read more: John B. Watson (1878\u20131958) &#8211; Popularizing Behaviorism, The Little Albert Study, The &#8220;Dozen Healthy Infants&#8221;, Life after the University &#8211; Psychology, Learning, Behaviorist, and Response , At: <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Po6kP1\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Po6kP1<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a>Watson, J.B,&#8221;What the Nursery Has to Say about Instincts\u201d, In: C. Murchison (Ed.) Psychologies of 1925, (Worcester, Cark University Press, 1926), P.10.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><strong>[17]<\/strong><\/a> \u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2016\u060c \u0635 33.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><strong>[18]<\/strong><\/a> \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 60-80.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\"><strong>[19]<\/strong><\/a> \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/strong>\u060c (\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0662)\u060c \u0635 32.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><strong>[20]<\/strong><\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0640\u0634\u0640\u0637\u0640\u0644\u0640\u0640\u062a (Gestalt) \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0640\u0634\u0640\u0637\u0640\u0644\u0640\u0640\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u062c \u0643\u0648\u0647\u0644\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 (\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c <strong>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645<\/strong> (\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c 2010)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a 171 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\"><strong>[21]<\/strong><\/a> \u00a0\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 (70)\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1983).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\"><strong>[22]<\/strong><\/a> \u00a0\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0662\u0664 \u2013 \u0662\u0667<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> \u00a0\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 172.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (1896-1980).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 172-227.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.buffalo.edu\/ubcei\/enhance\/learning\/constructivism.html.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Heather Fry, Steve Ketteridge and Stephanie Marshall, Op.Cit, P.10.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635137.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ayaz, M. F., &amp; Secrecy, H. (2015). The Effects of the Constructivist Learning Approach on Student&#8217;s Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis Study. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 14(4), P. 143.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> http:\/\/www.buffalo.edu\/ubcei\/enhance\/learning\/constructivism.html.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 144-145.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8221; \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0623 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649&#8221;([1])\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0631 (Kerlinger) \u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8221; \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064e\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0636\u0651\u0650\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2905,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2553","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-quality-of-education"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 &quot; \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064e\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0636\u0651\u0650\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%8e%d8%b9%d9%8e%d9%84%d9%91%d9%8f%d9%85\/\" \/>\n\t<meta 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