{"id":2543,"date":"2026-10-05T11:27:36","date_gmt":"2026-10-05T11:27:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/?p=2543"},"modified":"2026-10-31T10:15:03","modified_gmt":"2026-10-31T10:15:03","slug":"25-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%8b-%d8%aa%d8%a4%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%82%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%8f%d9%84%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/25-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%8b-%d8%aa%d8%a4%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%82%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%8f%d9%84%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a8\/","title":{"rendered":"25 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0648\u062b\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a) \u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (Bruce Macfarlane) 25 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>)<\/sup>:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">1- \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">2- \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0650\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">3- \u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">4- \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">5- \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">6- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0644 (\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">7- \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">8- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">9- \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">10- \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">11- \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">12- \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">13- \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">17- \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">18- \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">19- \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 &#8220;\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">20- \u0639\u062f\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">24- \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">25- \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0650\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Bruce Macfarlane, A Leap of Faith: The Role of Trust in Higher Education Teaching, Nagoya Higher Education Research No. 9 (2009), P.227-229.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0648\u062b\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a) \u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (Bruce Macfarlane) 25 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064a([1]): 1- \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629. 2- \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0650\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647. 3- \u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3045,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2543","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-quality-of-education"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0648\u062b\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a) \u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (Bruce Macfarlane) 25 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064a([1]): 1- \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629. 2- \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0650\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0645 - Dr.Baha&#039;a Makkawi\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0648\u062b\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a) \u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (Bruce Macfarlane) 25 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064a([1]): 1- \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 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property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-10-05T11:27:36+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-31T10:15:03+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"25 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0645 - Dr.Baha&#039;a Makkawi\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0648\u062b\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a) \u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (Bruce Macfarlane) 25 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064a([1]): 1- \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629. 2- \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0650\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a 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\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0645 - Dr.Baha'a Makkawi","description":"\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0648\u062b\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a) \u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 (Bruce Macfarlane) 25 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064a([1]): 1- \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629. 2- \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0650\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647. 3- \u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645","inLanguage":"en-US","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/25-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%8b-%d8%aa%d8%a4%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%82%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%8f%d9%84%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a8\/#breadcrumblist"},"author":{"@id":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/author\/admin_hwfxupco\/#author"},"creator":{"@id":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/author\/admin_hwfxupco\/#author"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646.png","@id":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/25-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%8b-%d8%aa%d8%a4%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%82%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%8f%d9%84%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a8\/#mainImage","width":148,"height":142},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/25-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%8b-%d8%aa%d8%a4%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%82%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%8f%d9%84%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a8\/#mainImage"},"datePublished":"2026-10-05T11:27:36+00:00","dateModified":"2026-10-31T10:15:03+00:00"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/","name":"Dr.Baha'a 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\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645","og:url":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/25-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%8b-%d8%aa%d8%a4%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%82%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%8f%d9%84%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a8\/","article:published_time":"2026-10-05T11:27:36+00:00","article:modified_time":"2026-10-31T10:15:03+00:00","twitter:card":"summary_large_image","twitter:title":"25 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0645 - Dr.Baha'a Makkawi","twitter:description":"\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0648\u062b\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 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