{"id":1515,"date":"2026-08-12T12:34:28","date_gmt":"2026-08-12T12:34:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/?p=1515"},"modified":"2026-09-18T19:52:58","modified_gmt":"2026-09-18T19:52:58","slug":"democratic-transition-in-sudan-challenges-opportunities-and-future-prospects-dr-bahauddin-makawi-mohammed-qaili","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/democratic-transition-in-sudan-challenges-opportunities-and-future-prospects-dr-bahauddin-makawi-mohammed-qaili\/","title":{"rendered":"Democratic Transition in Sudan: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Prospects\n\nDr. Baha\u2019 Al-Din Makawi Mohammed Qeili"},"content":{"rendered":"Democratic Transition in Sudan: Challenges, Opportunities and Future Prospects\r\n\r\nDr. Bahaeldin Makkawi Mohammed Gaily\r\n\r\nDepartment of International Affairs, Qatar University, Qatar.\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a.\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.\r\n\r\n<strong>Abstract<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe Sudanese transitional government, which came to power after the fall of Al- Bashir regime, faces many challenges related to the nature of its composition and the ongoing conflicts between its parties, the poor economic conditions, the continuous external interference in Sudan\u2019s affairs, and the difficulties of sustaining peace. On the other hand, it has many opportunities, including a broad popular base, in addition to international and regional support. The future of the democratic transition in Sudan depends on the ability of the transitional government to take advantage of the opportunities, and its ability to overcome difficulties and face the challenges.\r\n\r\n<strong>Key words:\u00a0<\/strong>Transitional government Armed Forces, Forces of Freedom and Change, Peace, Transitional Justice.\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 (1989\u0645-2019\u0645)\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2018 \u0641\u064a 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\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064e\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (Huntington,1991).\r\n\r\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0622\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0645\u0650\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0650\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 (Almond and Verba, 1965)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645(Lipset,1959) . \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u0651\u064f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u064f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 (Higley and Burton,1988)<sup>.<\/sup>\r\n\r\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 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\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647 (Whitehead,2002)<sup>.<\/sup>\r\n\r\n\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0630\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 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\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 6 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arabic.sputniknews.com\/arab_world\/201909101042844857\">https:\/\/arabic.sputniknews.com\/arab_world\/201909101042844857<\/a>\r\n\r\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627\u061f\u00a0<u>https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/arabic\/interactivity-55358251<\/u><u><\/u><u><\/u><u><\/u>\r\n\r\n13.\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u060c\u00a0<strong><em>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/strong>\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c4 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2021\u0645\r\n\r\n\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 16 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2019\u0645.\r\n\r\n______________\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 15286\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 4 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2020\u0645.\r\n\r\n______________\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u060c 15454\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f 21 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2021 \u0645.\r\n\r\n14.\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0621\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646(2018).\u00a0<strong><em>\u201c\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a<\/em><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (12)\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2018\u0645.\r\n\r\n15.\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0621\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646(2018).<strong><em>\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0649: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/em><\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c2018.\r\n\r\n16.\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0621\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646(2016).\u00a0<strong><em>\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b<\/em><\/strong>\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 2021<\/em><\/strong>\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 23 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2020.\r\n\r\n19.\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f(2020).\u00a0<strong><em>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u201d \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/em><\/strong>\u060c \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 28 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2020.\r\n\r\n20.\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f(2019).\u00a0<strong><em>\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629.. <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u0641\u062e\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a<\/em><\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/ebusiness\/2019\/8\/26\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/ebusiness\/2019\/8\/26<\/a>\r\n\r\n21.\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d (2015).\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u00a0\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.\r\n\r\n22.\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0641\u064a:\u00a0<em><u>https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/ar\/about\/transitional-justice<\/u><\/em><u><\/u><u><\/u><u><\/u><u><\/u>\r\n\r\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 (\u0641\u064a:\u00a0<em><u>https:\/\/www.dohainstitute.org\/ar\/Events\/Democracy_and_Democratization_Conference\/8th-Round\/Pages\/index.aspx<\/u><\/em><u><\/u><u><\/u><u><\/u><u><\/u>\r\n\r\n23.\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646(2019).\u00a0<strong><em>\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639<\/em><\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 14972\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 25 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019\u0645.\r\n\r\n<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>24.Almond, Gabriel and Verba, Sidney, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations, An Analytic Study, Little, Brown, 1965.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>25.Higley, John and Burton Michael G., National integrity, elites and democracy: Russia and China compared 1988.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/ar%20\/20201021\"><em>https:\/\/www.france24.com\/ar \/20201021<\/em><\/a><em><u>.<\/u><\/em><u><\/u><u><\/u><u><\/u><u><\/u><\/p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>26.Huntington, Samuel P., The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>27.Lipset, Seymour Martin, Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy, The American Political Science Review, 23.March 1959, Vol. 53, No. 1 (March 1959).<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>Lipset, Seymour Martin, The Indispensability of Political Parties, in: Journal of Democracy, No. 1, Vol. 11(2000).<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>28.<\/em><em>Masoud ,Tarek,<\/em>\u00a0<em>The Arab Spring at 10: Kings or People?,<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/the-arab-spring-at-10-kings-or-people\/\">https:\/\/www.journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/the-arab-spring-at-10-kings-or-people\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>29.Przeworski, Adam, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, Cambridge University Press, 1991.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>30.Rustow, Dankwart A., Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model, Comparative Politics, Vol. 2, No. 3 (April 1970).<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>31.<\/em><em>Schmitter, Philippe C., Democratization and political elites,\u00a0<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>32.Snyder, Richard, \u201cPaths out of Statistic Regimes: Combining Structural and Voluntarist Perspectives,\u201d in Houchang E.Chehabi and Juan Linz (eds.) 33.Sultanistic Regimes (New York: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>\u00a0 Whitehead, Laurence, Democratization: theory and experience, Oxford University Press, 2002.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>34.Young, John, Sudan Uprising: Popular Struggles, Elite Compromises, and Revolution Betrayed, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, 2020.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<em><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646-\u00a0 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1953- 1956\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a>2 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2013\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2018\u0645 )\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636( \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 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\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 ( \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 ( \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 :\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646- \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646- \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644) \u061b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a ( \u062a\u0636\u0645\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c\u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a ) \u061b \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0636\u062a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 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href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 4-1 \u0623\u0646 \u201d \u201c\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 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name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bmakkawi.com\/ar\/1204#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1944\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u060c\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0631 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.","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Democratic Transition in Sudan: Challenges, Opportunities and Future Prospects Dr. Bahaeldin Makkawi Mohammed Gaily Department of International Affairs, Qatar University, Qatar. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0641\u064a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2354,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-books-and-scientific-research"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Democratic Transition in Sudan: Challenges, Opportunities and Future Prospects Dr. Bahaeldin Makkawi Mohammed Gaily Department of International Affairs, Qatar University, Qatar. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0641\u064a","og:url":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/democratic-transition-in-sudan-challenges-opportunities-and-future-prospects-dr-bahauddin-makawi-mohammed-qaili\/","article:published_time":"2026-08-12T12:34:28+00:00","article:modified_time":"2026-09-18T19:52:58+00:00","twitter:card":"summary_large_image","twitter:title":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0648\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062f. \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f 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