{"id":1456,"date":"2026-08-11T18:34:22","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T18:34:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/?p=1456"},"modified":"2026-09-19T07:09:30","modified_gmt":"2026-09-19T07:09:30","slug":"civil-society","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bahamakkawi.com\/en\/civil-society\/","title":{"rendered":"Civil Society"},"content":{"rendered":"Over the past three decades, the term \u201ccivil society\u201d has been widely used. Research has been conducted, conferences held, and seminars and discussion forums organized to introduce civil society and the role its organizations can play in state policies, political reform, environmental protection, and other areas.\n\nThe term \u201ccivil society\u201d is among the most frequently used terms in visual, print, and audio media. We often hear about the role of civil society organizations during wars, conflicts, and disasters, or their role in the struggle for democracy, human rights, and environmental protection.\n\nYou may receive an invitation from an organization that identifies itself as a civil society organization, asking you to participate in a seminar it is holding, express support for a position it has adopted, or contribute money to a voluntary initiative it intends to undertake.\n\nNevertheless, there are wide differences of opinion about the concept of civil society, the organizations included within it, and the role expected of it. What is civil society? What does it consist of? And what are its functions?\n\nAlthough the term \u201ccivil society\u201d is not new\u2014it dates back to Aristotle (384\u2013322 BC), who referred to civil society as synonymous with political society, or as a political community governed by laws\u2014the modern concept of civil society emerged in the West alongside the rise of political liberalism and the establishment of democracy. It became a tool through which individuals could express their demands and interests and limit state power.\n\nThe concept developed through different stages. For example, the pioneers of social contract theory used it to describe the stage following the establishment of the state. They divided human history into two stages: the state of nature, before the establishment of the state, and civil society, after the establishment of the state.\n\nMontesquieu, having lived in a stable state, understood civil society as a state of balance among the forces that make up the state, with law as the foundation of that balance. This is why his book was called *The Spirit of the Laws*. Civil society, then, is a society governed by law and respect for private property, and it is the opposite of despotism.\n\nAfter disappearing for at least a century and even falling out of political and social dictionaries, the term \u201ccivil society\u201d re-emerged strongly at the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first. So, what is meant by civil society, and which organizations fall within its framework?\n\n**The concept of civil society:**\n\nOne common definition today is that civil society includes \u201call institutions that enable individuals to access public goods and benefits without government intervention or mediation.\u201d Another definition describes civil society as \u201can advanced political system whose institutionalization enables the monitoring of political participation.\u201d\n\nSome see no difference between a civil society organization and an interest group. For example, one view holds that \u201ccivil society consists of interest groups: organized groups of individuals united by a common interest or bond, who struggle to protect those interests\u2014whether economic or non-economic\u2014and to influence public opinion and decision-makers. These groups may be cultural, religious, professional, regional, or sectoral in nature.\u201d\n\nIt is impossible to count all the definitions that have been offered for civil society. However, the most widely used definition in the Arab world describes civil society as \u201ca group of free, voluntary organizations that occupy the public sphere between the family and the state in order to achieve the interests of their members, while adhering to the values and standards of respect, mutual consent, tolerance, and the peaceful management of diversity and disagreement.\u201d\n\nAccording to this definition, the concept of civil society includes three main components:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Free voluntary action: Civil society is formed through the free will of individuals, unlike kinship groups such as the family, clan, and tribe, to which a person belongs by birth and without having a choice in the matter.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Social organization: Civil society usually refers to the organized parts of society as a whole. Organization is what distinguishes civil society from society in general.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Acceptance of difference and diversity, and a commitment to the peaceful management of conflict\u2014whether with the government or with other civil society organizations\u2014as well as full adherence to the values of tolerance and dialogue in dealing with others.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<strong>Functions of civil society:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCivil society organizations perform multiple functions, which can be summarized as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Protecting rights and advancing interests:<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nCivil society organizations usually mobilize individuals to strengthen their bargaining position in order to protect gains that have already been achieved. They also gather and analyze demands and mobilize people to secure them. The clearest example is trade unions, which mobilize workers to preserve the gains they have won and to obtain new ones, using collective bargaining and compromise.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Conflict resolution:<\/strong>\u00a0As noted earlier, one of the most important features of civil society is a commitment to the peaceful management of conflict, the values of tolerance, and dialogue. Civil society organizations therefore work to resolve conflicts that arise within them or between them and other organizations through amicable and peaceful means. In doing so, they assist the government and save it considerable time and effort.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Developing political awareness:<\/strong>\u00a0Most civil society organizations\u2014especially those of a political or semi-political nature\u2014work to develop the political awareness of their members by providing them with new values and information about political affairs. They also give them opportunities to practice political activity, even at lower levels. In this way, they contribute to political socialization, political education, and political participation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Improving the economic situation and increasing members\u2019 income:<\/strong>\u00a0For example, in the case of trade unions, the union works to demand higher wages, shorter working hours, and the provision of social security and other benefits.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Contributing to the achievement of democracy:<\/strong>\u00a0Some civil society organizations play direct roles in advocating for democracy, strengthening political participation, and promoting respect for human and minority rights. They also call for adherence to the principles of good governance, such as transparency, accountability, the rule of law, fairness, equality, and others.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Preparing new political leaders:<\/strong>\u00a0These organizations serve as schools for the political education and socialization of their members. They therefore contribute to preparing political and community leaders.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Assisting the government:<\/strong>\u00a0By making specific proposals to improve economic, social, or cultural conditions, they can also identify shortcomings, helping the government remedy deficiencies in its work.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>References:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Ibrahim Abrash, Political Sociology, Dar Al-Shorouk, Cairo, n.d., pp. 83\u201384.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Saeed Bensaid Alawi et al., *Civil Society in the Arab World and Its Role in Achieving Democracy*, Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut, 1997, p. 79.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Haidar Ibrahim Ali, Civil Society and Democratic Transformation in Sudan, Ibn Khaldun Center for Development and Dar Al-Amin Publishing, Cairo, 1996, p. 5 (from the introduction by Dr. Saad Eddin Ibrahim).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a (Civil Society) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0639 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2377,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1456","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-political-concepts"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a (Civil Society) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u060c 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property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a - Dr.Baha&#039;a Makkawi\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a (Civil Society) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 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